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Archaeologist reassesses scope of early Egyptian colonies in Southern Levant

By - May 12,2025 - Last updated at May 12,2025

Located 5km south of Gaza City, Tell es-Sakan has houses dating to 2,600-2,300 BC (Photo courtesy of Palestinian Department of Antiquities)

AMMAN — The question of permanent Egyptian colonies in the southern Levant remains a matter of debate among scholars.

Until the discovery of Tell es-Sakan, Archaeologist Eliot Braun was somewhat dubious of that characterisation, and he thought such occupation might have been confined to enclaves of Nilotic peoples within primarily south Levantine population centres.

Braun accepts the existence of an Egyptian colony independent of south Levantine communities, but with reservations concerning its scope.

"Scholars’ characterisations tended to 'paint pictures' of that colony with very broad brushes and, I believe, to exaggerate the degree and nature of the Egyptian colonial episode. Their interpretations also purportedly indicated quite distinct territorial limits for the colony and even some rather precise descriptions of its socio-political and military activities," Braun said.

Following is a brief review of the more detailed characterisations available in the literature, with my most recent interpretations of available evidence.

Three, or possibly four sites in the southern Levant, all in the central, southwest fertile zone seem to have been populated by immigrants from Egypt’s Nile Valley, he added.

That hypothesis is extrapolated from the evidence of material culture at a handful of sites, which seems to have been predominantly Egyptian-associated, with little evidence of local south Levantine material culture. One site seems to have been central to the Egyptian colonial enterprise, while two or possibly three others were apparently its satellites, the archaeologist underlined.

 There may have also been a fifth site associated with the Egyptian colony, but information on it is equivocal.

The first is Tell es-Sakan where wealth of Egyptian and Egyptianised material culture that apparently predominated at the site in four of the earliest strata, offers great credence to the idea of a permanent Egyptian community planted in the southern Levant, Braun elaborated, adding that the site is strategically placed adjacent to possible anchorages on the Mediterranean coast and not far from the border of the arid, northern Sinai land route.

"Tell es-Sakan was an ideal location for a south Levantine colonial enterprise. The relative size of that occupation, as well as its associated massive fortifications, proclaim it the central site of Egyptian activity in the southern Levant in that time span," Braun underscored.

The second is En Besor that was completely excavated and it has been dated to late EB I.

The third is Tel Ma’ahaz which is less known and due to limited fieldwork, scholars concluded that it was a campsite. 

"However, the wealth of looted ceramics from the site argues for a more sedentary type of settlement as well as suggesting it too was largely, if not exclusively, populated by Egyptians," Braun underlined.

The fourth one is Taur Ikhbeineh which is in a close proximity to Tell es-Sakan, and it seems likely that the site was some sort of satellite to the larger community occupying the fortified site nearby.

The fifth one is locale of Sheikfh Zuweid, Northern Sinai

Five intact Egyptian storage jars, four of which are published, purportedly from a locale near Sheikh Zuweid on the Wady el-Arish (located east of el-Arish where they were purchased) in northern Sinai, may, if indeed such a site existed and these vessels derive from it, indicate additional Egyptian activity at the very border of the southern Levant. 

"As these objects were looted in modern times, and acquired on the antiquities market, there is no surety of such an archaeological provenience. If such an Egyptian settlement actually existed there, then that site might have been associated with activity in more eastern regions, perhaps as a way-station on the way to copper sources at Timna and Faynan," Braun concluded.

 

Heritage Alert: Cultural devastation in Gaza’s historic market

By - May 12,2025 - Last updated at May 12,2025

View of the market near the mosque square. (Photo courtesy of Architectural Department, Islamic University, via ICOMOS Palestine)

AMMAN — Once a vibrant artery of Gaza’s Old City, Souk Al Zawiya stood as a symbol of communal life, trade, and cultural continuity. Nestled along a centuries-old trade route linking Asia and Africa, the market was not only Gaza’s largest but also one of its most historically significant. 

 

Stretching over 250 metres, comprising 65 buildings and more than 1,150 shops, the market was a lifeline for thousands and a vital source of livelihoods for generations. Rooted in the Mamluk era and intertwined with other iconic Islamic landmarks such as the Grand Omari Mosque, Hammam Al Samra, and Qasr Al Basha, the Souk bore the architectural marks of Gaza’s layered history. 

 

This heritage, however, now lies in rubble following sustained aerial and artillery bombardment during the Israeli military campaign that began in October 2023. 

 

“The market attack was not just the bombing of a souk, it had deeper implications,” said Ayman Abu Shaaban, General Director of Urban Services and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) at the Municipality of Gaza, to The Jordan Times. “It was a direct strike on a cultural site that holds social and economic value and is part of Gaza’s historical and communal fabric.”

 

In the early days of the war, the market suffered direct strikes, leading to the widespread destruction of its structures. Israeli bombardments, which also destroyed nearby archaeological sites like the Qaisariyya Market and the Omari Mosque, revealed what experts see as a deliberate targeting of Gaza’s heritage. 

 

Souk Al Zawiya’s destruction goes far beyond economic loss. “This market was not just a place to buy and sell, it was part of the memory and social life of Gaza’s people,” continued Abu Shaaban. “During Ramadan, holidays, and Fridays, it became a gathering place where people met and connected. Some would visit just to see familiar faces, not necessarily to shop.”

 

According to Shireen Allan, Director of ICOMOS Palestine, the market’s value extended well beyond its physical components: “While the market did not contain many major heritage elements, apart from some ancient shops, it was an integral part of the historic fabric of the Old City. This destruction has compromised the market’s historical and social role within the city, especially given its commercial and cultural value.”

 

Emergency efforts to stabilise or restore Souk Al Zawiya are currently impossible. Allan noted several critical barriers: “Ongoing airstrikes and military operations make it unsafe for restoration and recovery teams… there is limited access to materials necessary for repairs because of the blockade and ongoing genocidal war.”

 

Looting and vandalism further compound the devastation. “Some of the old shops, which were part of the traditional architectural style of the market, might have been looted or destroyed during the chaos following the bombings,” she added. “There is a risk of losing valuable historical fragments, including old tools, that could have had cultural and historical significance.”

 

The psychological and symbolic toll is equally profound. “What happened in Al Zawiya Market is a complete crime,” Allan emphasised. “Any documentation of this period must focus on the human, emotional, and symbolic side – not just material damage. The real tragedy is in the attempt to erase identity, memory, and belonging.”

 

Souk Al Zawiya was once Gaza’s main food market. Its ‘strategic targeting,’ coupled with the destruction of the land registry building raises fears of systemic displacement and the erasure of property rights. 

 

“From the beginning, the first building to be bombed was the land registry, followed by central markets,” said Abu Shaaban. “The looting that followed, especially targeting food stores left behind by displaced traders, represents a deliberate attack on Gaza’s economic, social, and cultural heritage.”

 

This market once nourished Gaza, physically and emotionally. “Today, under these catastrophic conditions, Gaza no longer has markets like before.” As Shireen Allan warned, the true cost of this war lies not only in buildings lost, but in memory destroyed, in a heritage forcibly erased.

Roman Amphitheatre hosts Europe Day celebration

By - May 12,2025 - Last updated at May 12,2025

The heart of downtown Amman came alive on May 9, as thousands gathered at the historic Roman Amphitheatre to celebrate Europe Day (Photos courtesy of European Union Delegation to Jordan)

AMMAN — The heart of downtown Amman came alive on May 9, 2025, as thousands gathered at the historic Roman Amphitheatre to celebrate Europe Day with a night of music, unity and cultural exchange.

Hosted by the European Union Delegation to Jordan, in cooperation with the embassies of Austria and Spain, and in cooperation with the Department of Antiquities, the free, open-air concert featured a vibrant lineup of performances. 

Jordanian singer Aziz Maraka set the stage alight with his powerful songs, while Los Manolos from Spain brought an infectious Mediterranean energy, and Austria’s Orwa Saleh Ensemble featuring Zeina Aftimos enchanted the audience with their rich, soulful music.

 

Inflation rises 1.97% in first 4 months of 2025 — DoS

By - May 12,2025 - Last updated at May 12,2025

The Consumer Price Index, a key measure of inflation, reaches 112.39 points during the first third of 2025, compared with 110.21 points for the same period in 2024, the Department of Statistics said on Monday (File photo)

AMMAN — The Consumer Price Index (CPI), a key measure of inflation, reached 112.39 points during the first third of 2025, compared with 110.21 points for the same period in 2024, marking an increase of 1.97 per cent, the Department of Statistics (DoS) said on Monday.

The latest DoS report showed that the main commodity groups contributing to the cumulative increase in consumer prices included personal belongings (up 19.01 per cent), tobacco and cigarettes (12.65 per cent), tea, coffee, and cocoa (5.73 per cent), fruits and nuts (5.52 per cent) and spices, food enhancers, and other food products (5.38 per cent).

On a monthly basis, the CPI rose in April to 112.53 points, up from 110.50 points in April 2024, reflecting an annual increase of 1.83 per cent, the Jordan News Agency, Petra, reported. 

The commodity groups that most significantly contributed to the April year-on-year increase included personal belongings (up 21.94 per cent), fruits and nuts (15.17 per cent), tobacco and cigarettes (12.55 per cent), tea, coffee, and cocoa (9.32 per cent), and spices and other food products (5.53 per cent). 

Some groups helped curb the overall rise, including household tools (down 3.04 per cent), furniture and carpets (2.71 per cent), vegetables and dried/canned legumes (1.91 per cent), and fish and seafood products (1.65 per cent).

Month-on-month, the CPI for April edged up by 0.09 per cent, reaching 112.53 points compared to 112.43 points in March.

The report highlighted that the groups contributing most to the monthly increase in April included: fruits and nuts (up 9.43 per cent), personal belongings (5.68 per cent), tea, coffee, and cocoa (4.73 per cent), vegetables and dried/canned legumes (1.07 per cent) and home maintenance (0.45 per cent).

 

Guards prevent Passover sacrifice ritual at Al Aqsa Mosque Compound

By - May 12,2025 - Last updated at May 12,2025

This photo taken on May 15, 2024 from Jerusalem's southern neighbourhood of Arnona shows a view of the Golden Dome of the Rock (Left) and the Dome of the Aqsa Mosque (Right), at the Aqsa Mosque Compound/ Al Haram Al Sharif in the old city of Jerusalem (AFP photo)

AMMAN — The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has “strongly” condemned the storming of Al Aqsa Mosque/Al Haram Al Sharif by extremist settlers, including an attempt by one of them to bring a sacrificial offering into one of the mosque’s courtyards, an act the ministry described as a "dangerous precedent."

In a statement on Monday, the ministry denounced the incident as a “grave escalation blatant violation of international law and the existing historical and legal status quo of occupied Jerusalem and its holy sites,” carried out under the protection of the Israeli occupation authorities. 

Foreign Ministry spokesperson Sufian Qudah reiterated Jordan’s unequivocal rejection of the "provocative practices" by extremist settlers, facilitated by Israeli occupation forces, warning of the serious consequences of continued violations at the site.

The spokesperson also underlined that Israel, the occupying power, is required to put an end to all violations of the historical and legal status quo of Jerusalem and attempts to impose temporal and spatial divisions at the site.

He also also reemphasised that the 144-dunum Al Aqsa Mosque is solely an Islamic holy site and that the Jordan-run Jerusalem Awqaf and Aqsa Affairs Department is the sole authority tasked with supervising all its affairs.

Guards at Al Aqsa Mosque on Monday thwarted an attempt by a group of ultranationalist Jewish settlers to sacrifice a lamb at the Al Haram Al Sharif Compound in occupied Jerusalem, during the Jewish Passover holiday, according to the Jordan News Agency, Petra.

Eyewitnesses told Petra's correspondent in Ramallah that the group, carrying a lamb, attempted to enter the compound but were intercepted by mosque guards before the act could be carried out.

In a statement on Monday, the Jerusalem Governorate strongly condemned the incident as a “dangerous escalation,” warning of the consequences of “such provocations which violate the sanctity of the holy site and offend Muslim worshippers.”

"What happened is a deliberate criminal attempt to impose a new status quo at Al Aqsa Mosque," it said, holding the occupation authority fully accountable for "these dangerous acts which were carried out under the protection of the occupation authorities. 

The incident came on the same day that 594 Jewish settlers entered the compound under heavy security, as Muslim worshippers were denied entry to Al Haram Al Sharif, the third holiest site in Islam, Petra reported.

WCK hails Jordan’s humanitarian, relief efforts in Gaza

By - May 12,2025 - Last updated at May 12,2025

 

AMMAN — The World Central Kitchen (WCK) has hailed Jordan’s humanitarian and relief efforts to alleviate the large-scale suffering of the people in the war-torn Gaza Strip.

In remarks to the government-owned Al Mamlaka TV channel on Monday, WCK, an international NGO that provides meals to communities affected by conflict and disasters, also voiced appreciation for the Jordan Hashemite Charity Organisation (JHCO) for facilitating its food delivery operations in Gaza.

WCK also said it is maintaining constant coordination with JHCO in delivering relief assistance to people in Gaza through the air and land corridors.     

JHCO said on Saturday that it had begun operating a daily bakery in southern Gaza, in cooperation with the Jordanian aid campaign.

The initiative aims to provide bread to displaced Palestinians amid ongoing border closures, a severe shortage of flour, and soaring food prices, according to a JHCO statement.

JHCO said the bakery will produce 35,000 to 40,000 loaves of bread daily to support thousands of displaced families, as part of Jordan’s continued humanitarian assistance to Gaza by land and air.

Last year, a mobile bakery with a production capacity of 3,500 loaves of bread per hour was dispatched from Jordan to Gaza, following Royal directives, to alleviate the humanitarian suffering caused by the Israeli war on the Strip. The mobile bakery was established in cooperation with WCK.

Cabinet approves major incentives to boost film industry

Incentives include cash rebates of up to 45% aim to attract international production companies

By - May 11,2025 - Last updated at May 11,2025

The Cabinet on Sunday endorses a new package of financial incentives to support the local film industry, during a session chaired by Prime Minister Jafar Hassan (Photo courtesy of Prime Ministry)

AMMAN — The Cabinet on Sunday endorsed a new package of financial incentives to support the local film industry, aiming as it said at turning Jordan into a premier destination for film production and enhancing the country’s competitiveness in the creative industries.

A Prime Ministry statement said that the new support package also seeks to capitalise on the country's diverse filming locations, trained local workforce, and advanced infrastructure.

Chaired by Prime Minister Jafar Hassan, the Cabinet announced that the new measures include expanded cash rebates ranging from 25 per cent to 45 per cent of expenditures within Jordan, depending on the size of the project and the extent to which it incorporates local cultural elements. Productions spending over $10 million and incorporating Jordanian cultural content will be eligible for the maximum rebate, based on a points system evaluating artistic, cultural, and economic impact.

The initiative is part of a broader push to enhance Jordan’s competitiveness in the creative industries, in line with the Economic Modernisation Vision. The strategy focuses on increasing the sector’s contribution to GDP through infrastructure development, talent support, and investment attraction, the statement said.

The package also increases support for domestic productions. Local projects exceeding $500,000 in spending will now qualify for a 30 per cent rebate, up from the previous 10 per cent, in a move aimed at empowering Jordanian filmmakers and stimulating homegrown content.

These incentives are expected to increase employment in the sector by 35 per cent, generate over $32 million in direct foreign spending annually, and support film tourism by promoting Jordanian locations featured in productions. They will also contribute to promoting Jordanian culture globally by integrating local heritage into artistic narratives, and strengthening technical infrastructure, thus boosting Jordan’s readiness to host major productions, according to the statement. 

Jordan has already hosted major Hollywood blockbusters, including The Martian, Aladdin, and both Dune films, solidifying its reputation as a preferred destination for global filmmakers.

Prince El Hassan attends closing of regional interfaith conference with call for peace, coexistence

By - May 11,2025 - Last updated at May 11,2025

HRH Prince El Hassan, President of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, on Thursday attends the closing ceremony of the conference titled ‘Christians in the Arab Levant and the Aspirations of Unity and Enlightenment’ (Petra photo)

AMMAN — HRH Prince El Hassan, President of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies (RIIFS), on Thursday attended the closing ceremony of the conference titled “Christians in the Arab Levant and the Aspirations of Unity and Enlightenment,” which brought together several prominent Christian leaders.

Attended by Muslim and Christian intellectuals, the event concluded with a call for interfaith dialogue, coexistence, and regional stability. Prince El Hassan emphasised the importance of cultivating a regional model rooted in dialogue and “stability for sustainability,” according to the Jordan News Agency, Petra.

Reviewing the two-day conference’s recommendations, Prince El Hassan stressed that enlightenment and unity in the Mashreq require collective will and the development of a roadmap for both elite and grassroots initiatives focused on communication and bridge-building.

The final recommendations called for building on key Islamic declarations issued by Al Azhar to enhance Muslim-Christian relations, and for further developing the “Human Fraternity for World Peace and Living Together” initiative, launched by Pope Francis and Grand Imam of Al Azhar Ahmed El Tayeb.

Drawing on discussions during the conference, participants condemned the killing of civilians and the deliberate destruction of hospitals, schools, universities, and places of worship in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. 

They also called for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and denounced the ongoing violations against Muslim and Christian holy sites in Occupied Jerusalem.

Christian leaders who participated in the conference included Patriarch Theophilos III, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem; Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem II, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch; Catholicos Aram I, head of the Armenian Orthodox Catholicosate of Cilicia; Patriarch Ignatius Youssef III Younan of the Syriac Catholic Church; and Patriarch Raphael Bedros XXI Minassian of the Armenian Catholic Church.

 

Princess Sarvath opens Bunayat Centre's 36th annual exhibition, celebrating 50 years of empowerment

By - May 11,2025 - Last updated at May 11,2025

HRH Princess Sarvath cuts the ribbon to officially open the 36th Annual Exhibition at the Bunayat Centre for Special Education, celebrating five decades of empowering students with disabilities through education and vocational training (Petra photo)

AMMAN — HRH Princess Sarvath El Hassan on Saturday inaugurated the 36th annual exhibition of the Bunayat Centre for Special Education, which showcases the artistic and professional achievements of students enrolled at the centre.

The event also marked the 50th anniversary of the centre's establishment, according to the Jordan News Agency, Petra.

Organised by the centre's Vocational Rehabilitation Department, the exhibition showcases a wide range of student work from the current academic year. 

On display are handicrafts in ceramics, textiles, mosaics, carpentry and agriculture, as well as a selection of homemade food products, including pickles, jams, traditional thyme and dried herbs.

The Bunayat Centre serves students with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities and those on the autism spectrum. It provides tailored educational and vocational training to equip students with the skills and knowledge necessary for independent living, social integration and economic participation.

Princess Sarvath emphasised the importance of continued support and empowerment for persons with disabilities, noting their vital role in building a more inclusive Jordan and contributing meaningfully in all areas of society.

The exhibition drew praise from attending ambassadors, partners and friends of the centre, who commended the high level of creativity and craftsmanship on display. Visitors also noted the students' strong sense of commitment to their families and communities, which is reflected in their work.

The exhibition will remain open to the public on Monday from 9:00am to 7:00pm.

Jordanian catholic centre welcomes election of Pope Leo XIV

By - May 11,2025 - Last updated at May 11,2025

The Catholic Centre for Studies and Media in Jordan has welcomed the election of Cardinal Robert Francis Prevost as the new head of the Catholic Church, now known as Pope Leo XIV (Photo courtesy of the Vatican Media)

AMMAN — The Catholic Centre for Studies and Media in Jordan has welcomed the election of Cardinal Robert Francis Prevost as the new head of the Catholic Church, now known as Pope Leo XIV. 

The centre hailed his election as the 267th successor to Saint Peter as a “reaffirmation of the Church’s unity and enduring global mission.”

In a statement, centre Director Father Rifat Bader said that the two-day conclave that led to the pope’s election was described as a “powerful symbol of the Church’s spiritual continuity spanning over two millennia.”

“The election reflects the College of Cardinals’ trust in Pope Leo XIV’s character and vision,” the statement said, expressing hope that his leadership would be guided by knowledge, virtue, and a strong commitment to social justice, the Jordan News Agency, Petra, reported.

The centre voiced particular optimism that Pope Leo XIV would continue the legacy of Pope Leo XIII, who laid the foundations of modern Catholic social teaching. 

He was also likened to Pope Leo the Great (440–461), revered for his theological insight and decisive leadership.

Father Bader highlighted Pope Leo XIV’s inaugural address from the Vatican balcony, in which he called for peace, justice, dialogue, and bridge-building. 

“His words are a source of reassurance that the Church will continue to be a moral force advocating for human dignity and interfaith understanding,” the statement noted.

The centre also commended the congratulatory message sent by His Majesty King Abdullah to the new Pontiff, extending best wishes on behalf of the Jordanian people and government. 

"The King reiterated the strong ties between Jordan and the Vatican and underscored the Kingdom’s longstanding commitment to interfaith dialogue and international coexistence."

Father Bader described the Royal message as a reflection of Jordan’s deepening relationship with the Vatican and its leading role in promoting peace between religious communities, particularly between Muslims and Christians across the region and beyond.

Looking ahead, Father Bader expressed hope that Pope Leo XIV would visit Jordan, especially as the Kingdom prepares for the 2030 celebrations marking 2,000 years since the baptism of Jesus Christ in the Jordan River.

 

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