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Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI

David Grann

New York: Vintage Books, 2018

Pp. 377

It is common knowledge that the United States was founded on a genocidal campaign which decimated Native Americans and dispossessed them of their land, (similar to the ethnic cleansing enacted by Zionism to acquire Palestinians’ land). In “Killers of the Flower Moon”, journalist David Grann relates a particularly horrifying, but underreported, chapter in this historic injustice which occurred only a century ago. The victims were the Osage Indians living in Oklahoma, and the motive was greed.

 In the early 1920s, the Osage “were considered the wealthiest people per capita in the world” (p. 6), owing to the discovery of vast oil resources underneath the reservation to which they had been consigned after being driven from their original territory in Kansas in the early 1870s. Prospectors had to pay them for leases and royalties if they wished to drill for oil, and soon members of the tribe were receiving hefty checks.

At the same time, however, the Osage community was plagued by an unusually high death rate, some by shooting, others by strange, unnamed illnesses or unexplained accidents or fires. At the time, law enforcement was in its early stages: “And few places in the country were as chaotic as Osage County, where the unwritten codes of the West, the traditions that bound communities, had unravelled. By one account, the amount of oil money had surpassed the total value of all the Old West gold rushes combined, and this fortune had drawn every breed of miscreant from across the country”. (p. 35)

Added to this, Native American lives were not highly valued. Many of the deaths among the Osage were not investigated properly, even when the evidence pointed to foul play. “A growing number of white Americans expressed alarm over the Osage’s wealth — outrage that was stoked by the press.” (p. 83)

Racism played a part in the failure to find and bring the murderers to justice. 

The most shocking thing about the killings is that rather than being the work of outsiders, they turned out to be the result of an elaborate conspiracy among white men respected in the community and some of them married to Osage women. The motive was to inherit the victims’ headright which entitled him or her to a share of the oil revenues. The conspiracy was facilitated by Native Americans’ reduced legal status. Many of the Osage had been declared incompetent to manage their own financial affairs and were assigned a white guardian to oversee their spending. Many a guardian pursued what they called“ ‘Indian business’ — the swindling of millionaire Osage”. (p. 282)

Only after the death toll reached 24 members of the Osage tribe, plus two respected white men trying to investigate the murders, did the federal government mount an investigation. At the time, J. Edgar Hoover was trying to make a name for the Bureau of Investigation, soon to be the FBI, which he headed. He assigned Tom White, an honest and determined Texas lawman, to head the investigation.

The author, David Grann, is a staff writer at “The New Yorker” and bestselling author of several books. He recounts this tragic and shocking episode in US history from close-up, drawing detailed portraits of the main actors and showing how the killings affected their lives. He also paints a vivid picture of life at that time, replacing romantic notions planted by cowboy movies with the harsh reality of what happened to the Native Americans.

His narration of the investigation that finally resulted in the conviction of the major players in the conspiracy, is as suspenseful as any detective novel, but it is all real and well-researched. “Killers of the Flower Moon” is a fine example of investigative journalism. Grann does not suffice with chronicling the conviction of a small group of conspirators, responsible for some of the murders, but returns to the archives. “And as I dug deeper into the Osage murder cases — into the murk of autopsies and witness testimony and probate records — I began to see certain holes in the bureau’s investigation.” (p. 277)

He kept digging and found connections between yet more murders and their perpetrators.

Perhaps the most valuable aspect of Grann’s narrative of this shameful chapter of American history is that it shows how racism is “convenient”; in the past, it enabled the stealing of Native Americans’ land and oil rights. Today, it is being manipulated by certain politicians against immigrants.

The book also shows how oil wealth is a double-edged sword. In view of how oil has provoked war and invasions in this region, perhaps many would agree with the words of an Osage elder in 1928. “Some day this oil will go and there will be no more fat checks every few months from the Great White Father. There’ll be no fine motor cars and new clothes. Then I know my people will be happier.” (p. 28)

While terminology has evolved from learning “disability” to learning “difficulties”, learning difficulties specialist Rania Sayegh goes a step further in encouraging us to think about learning “differences”.

These difficulties focus on “weaknesses” in a child’s underlining skills and may isolate them from other learners. However, the term “learning differences” highlights the fact that they simply learn differently and have as much to offer and contribute as anyone else.

Early signs

At Ask Our Experts II* workshop, Sayegh stressed the importance of identifying learning differences (LD) early in order to pave the way for children to get the support they need for a successful future both in and out of school. Understanding developmental milestones helps with early diagnosis and intervention, she says. LD cannot be formally diagnosed before the age of seven years, but here are a few early signs (keep in mind that professional assessments are recommended and available in Jordan): 

• Communication challenges, such as slow language development, difficulty with speech, problems understanding what is being said or in communicating thoughts 

• Challenges in gross or fine motor coordination, (hopping, dressing, cutting, stringing beads)

• Problems with memory, routine, and multiple instructions

• Slow processing, such as taking a longer time to finish tasks given compared to peers

• Sensory processing issues (oversensitive to sights, sounds, textures, flavours, smells and other sensory input)

Sayegh brings up the lack of awareness in Jordan even among medical professionals and educators, and points to efforts to work with schools and paediatric clinics, such as providing them with checklists of what to look out for. She adds that it’s important to reach out to everyone involved in a child’s life, including grandparents and the helper at home. She also hopes to see more local apps and television programmes that centre on children’s’ emotional well-being.

LD signs in 

school-aged children

Difficulty learning letters, confusing similar letters like “b” and “d” or “m” and “w” or “n” and “u”, and difficulty blending letters to read

Misreading words, skipping words or lines and guessing words

Spelling difficulties

Having great ideas but unable to put them down on paper, difficulty in self-expression in writing (organisation, spelling and handwriting)

Wrong pencil grip, illegible handwriting, slow when copying and hands hurts when writing for a while

Difficulty learning new maths concepts, confusing signs, difficulty aligning numbers in mathematical equtions, difficulty with word problems

Difficulty understanding what the child reads

Learning styles

Each person has his own learning style, explains Sayegh. “The more we [parents and educators] can discover the child’s learning style [how they retain information for instance], the better off we’ll be in unlocking the keys to their learning skills.” 

Here are some learning styles, but let us remember that many children and adults use a combination of styles. 

• Visual: Learns through seeing and observing, needs visual cues. Preference for images Auditory: Learns through listening and talking things through. Preference for sound and music. Enjoys audio books and recordings 

• Tactile: Learns through touch and using their hands

• Kinaesthetic: Learns through moving and doing. Preference for movement of the body. May not be able to sit still for long periods of time. Enjoys moving while learning

As for homework, Sayegh says it should not exceed 45 minutes a day. More than an hour can put children at risk of higher stress levels and poor mental and physical health. Here are a few of the tips Sayegh shares with parents: 

• Establishing a study routine that includes a set time each day. Base this on your child’s temperament. Perhaps he is at his best after an hour of downtime Avoid late evening, which for most children is meltdown time!

• Posting a daily plan or weekly calendar on your child’s tablet or in a common living space that includes homework start and finish times each day. 

• Giving advance notice of homework time to make it easier to shift from fun time to work time. You can say, “You can play for 15 more minutes, then it’s homework time”

• Letting your child get up to move around can help maintain focus. Keep in mind your child’s learning style(s) as well as the fact that your child has probably had enough sitting at school

Sayegh’s takeaway message for parents: Children need to feel safe, loved and accepted more than anything else. Only then can they truly flourish.

Reprinted with permission from Family Flavours magazine

People who take pills to lower their blood pressure often take other drugs that reduce the pills’ effectiveness, a recent study suggests.

Researchers studied data on 521,028 adults prescribed blood pressure pills for the first time and 131,764 people taking at least four different pills to lower their blood pressure.

Roughly 18 per cent were also taking drugs that make blood pressure pills less effective, the study found. These include medicines like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, or hormones.

“In some cases, use of these blood pressure-interfering medications may be justified and the potential side effect of elevations in blood pressure may be acceptable to patients,” said study leader Andrew Hwang of the High Point University Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy in North Carolina.

“But in other cases . . . there may be significant opportunities to switch to alternative treatments or reassess the need for continuing the interfering treatment,” Hwang said by e-mail. “If these drugs can be discontinued, it’s possible we can reduce the prescribing cascade — that is, reduce the need for using additional medication to treat a side effect of another medication.”

Patients may not realise the risks, the findings suggest.

Among people recently prescribed blood pressure medications for the first time, 58 per cent later refilled prescriptions for drugs known to increase blood pressure, the study found.

Among people prescribed four or more blood pressure drugs, 65 per cent refilled drugs known to increase blood pressure after stepping up their blood pressure treatment regimen.

Patients who need blood pressure medicine should ask their doctor if any of the other medications they are taking might interfere, said Gunnar Gislason, a professor of cardiology at Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte and director of research at the Danish Heart Foundation.

And if blood pressure drugs are not working, it is important to consider not just other drugs that might influence blood pressure but also herbal medications that often are considered harmless, Gislason, who was not involved in the study, said by e-mail.

The way different drugs can increase blood pressure varies, Hwang said.

“Some drugs, such as NSAIDs and hormones, elevate blood pressure mainly by causing the body to retain excess fluid,” Hwang noted. “This effect counteracts the mechanism of some blood pressure medications like diuretics [water pills], which cause the body to get rid of fluid.”

“Other drugs can cause blood pressure elevation by constricting the blood vessels, increasing heart rate, or by a combination of mechanisms,” Hwang added. “There are also some drugs, such as acetaminophen, that we know increase blood pressure, but we don’t know how.”

The study, published in the American Journal of Hypertension, was not designed to prove whether or how certain prescription drugs might interfere with the effectiveness of blood pressure medicines or increase blood pressure.

Another limitation is that it focused only on patients who were taking prescribed medicines that can interfere with blood pressure drugs, and many painkillers like acetaminophen and naproxen are available over the counter without a prescription in the US, the study authors note.

“Although this study cannot tell us the reasons why the prescription rate of blood pressure-interfering medication is so frequent, it may explain why in [the] US population blood pressure control is still very poor,” said Liffert Vogt of Amsterdam University Medical Centre.

“Poorly controlled blood pressure [is] a major cause of heart disease and stroke,” Vogt, who was not involved in the study, said by e-mail. “For that reason, prescribing drugs that contribute to poor blood pressure control should be carefully considered.”

CHICAGO — If you are struggling to find the motivation for something, new US research says giving advice to others, rather than receiving it yourself, could help you achieve your goals.

Researchers from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and the University of Pennsylvania carried out a series of experiments involving 2,274 participants, which looked at boosting an individual’s motivation in a variety of situations, including improving study habits, saving money, controlling tempers, losing weight and looking for jobs.

The results consistently showed, across the experiments, that people struggling with motivation benefited more from giving advice than receiving it, despite the fact that most people often believe the opposite to be true and they need expert advice in order to succeed.

The researchers explained that simply being asked for advice can boost our confidence, which could increase our motivation, or help restore part of the confidence we lose when we routinely fail to meet our goals. This is important as confident people set higher goals for themselves and remain more committed to them over time, they added.

In addition, in order to give advice, people need to sort through their thoughts, find examples of what that has worked successfully for them in the past and make recommendation, an exercise also likely to boost confidence.

The team added: “In the process of giving advice, advisers may form specific intentions and lay out concrete plans of action — both of which increase motivation and achievement.”

Moreover, “when people lack motivation, receiving advice may actually be harmful”, said the researchers, “Receiving help can feel stigmatising because it undermines feelings of competence.”

“We hope our findings, which illuminate the motivational power of giving, do just that: Goad scientists and practitioners to consider the ways in which struggling individuals benefit from giving,” the authors wrote.

“Indeed, our research provides empirical support for an age-old aphorism: It is in giving that we receive.”

The findings will be published in a forthcoming paper in the journal Psychological Science.

Despite the steadily growing use of the Arabic language on the Internet, it remains limited. Moreover, according to some statistics there is a disproportion between the use of the language in the real world and its use on the web. Others disagree and find no disparity in the numbers.

For example, the International Telecommunications Union estimates that “less than 1 per cent of the language on the Internet is in Arabic”, but statista.com puts the number at 4.8 per cent, just after English, Chinese and Spanish, with the lion’s share going to English, of course, at about 26 per cent of the total. Considering that Arabic is spoken by a little more than 4 per cent of the world’s population today, Statista’s estimate, if the correct one, would make more sense and would be more balanced with reality.

In informal writing, and for more than 20 years now people have used numbers to replace the Arabic letters that do not have an equivalent in the Latin alphabet, mainly the numbers 2, 3, 7 and 9. You would for example write “mar7aba” for “hello”, or “Ras Al 3ain” instead of “Ras Al ‘Ain”. This informal syntax is sometimes called Arabish or Arabic chat, and is commonly used in quick texting and messaging. In proper or formal writing Arabish is not acceptable, understandably. Hence the growing number of websites and size of contents on the web written with the Arabic alphabet. Purists can rejoice.

From e-shopping to engineering, arts, medical information and everything in between, you can now search in Arabic and find the contents you are looking for in the same language. Nothing can replace or beat an Internet experience in your native language.

It is worth noting that what is currently considered to be the most visited fully Arabic site in the world is the brainchild of two Jordanian creative entrepreneurs: Mohammad Jaber and Rami Al Qawasmi. The website is mawdoo3.com (“mawdoo3” means “subject”). Recent figures on Google indicate that it receives an average exceeding 17 million visitors per month. Only the domain name mawdoo3.com is written using the above mentioned Arabish syntax. Once inside everything is in pure Arabic.

“Mawdoo3.com is on a mission to help fill the void of reliable digital Arabic content with high editorial standards” (source: endeavorjordan.org). It tackles health, nutrition, entertainment, love, sports, education, arts, family matters, etc.

Popular websites that are Middle-East based or that were launched in the region are nothing new. There are a few world-scale success stories of such achievements. We all remember the famous maktoob.com, the online services company founded by Samih Toukan in 1998 and that Yahoo purchased later. Another similar story is that of souq.com, the largest e-commerce retailer in the Arab world and that was co-founded by Syrian businessman Ronaldo Mouchawar, besides, a veteran of maktoob himself.

As great and successful as they may be, and as proud of them the Middle East may be, maktoob and souq (now an Amazon company…) do not particularly focus on the Arabic language. On the other hand mawdoo3 does.

The importance of the language question on the Internet cannot be overestimated. The implications are many and far-reaching. They concern culture, politics and countless other aspects of living on the web and consequently of living in the real world. The French for example are fighting with all their might to reduce the hegemony of the English language on the net. The French language is only seventh in the list provided by statista.com, whereas Arabic is fourth.

It would be interesting to see if the ranking of the most used languages on the web would change over the years to come. After all the net has already been in global use for 27 years now, and it has therefore had the time to build its own inertia. A major language change is unlikely.

After sex, men can sometimes experience a myriad of confusing negative feelings, a phenomenon called post-coital dysphoria (PCD), which can interfere with relationships, researchers say. 

The research team analysed responses from over 1,200 men to an anonymous international online survey that asked whether they had ever experienced symptoms of PCD, which can include tearfulness, sadness or irritability following otherwise satisfactory consensual sex. 

The men, aged between 18 and 81 years, were primarily in Australia and the US, but the sample also included men in the UK, Russia, New Zealand, Germany and 72 other countries. 

The study team, led by Joel Maczkowiack, a master’s student at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia, found that 41 per cent of the men reported having experienced PCD in their lifetime, with 20 per cent saying they had experienced it in the previous four weeks. Between 3 per cent and 4 per cent of the men reported experiencing PCD on a regular basis. 

“I would like to think that this study will help males [and females] reflect on their experience of sex, as well as encourage communication between partners about their experience,” Maczkowiack told Reuters Health by e-mail. 

Sponsored

“In addition, we hope that this type of research will help people whose experience of sex is dysphoric (or dysphoric at times) to know that they are not the only ones who feel this way. In this sense, we hope this study normalises a variety of human experiences following sex,” he said. 

Past research has found that PCD is common among women. This is the first time it has been documented in men, Maczkowiack said. 

PCD can occur despite satisfying and enjoyable sex. One man in the study reported that PCD made him feel “self-loathing”. Another reported, “I feel a lot of shame.” One participant said, “I usually have crying fits and full on depressive episodes following coitus that leave my significant other worried ...” 

The study, published in the Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, found that PCD may be related to previous and current psychological distress and past abuse, including sexual, emotional and physical abuse in childhood and adulthood. 

Emotional abuse was the most common form of abuse reported by the men both before and after age 16, researchers found. Sexual abuse in childhood was reported by 12.7 per cent of the men and sexual abuse in adulthood was reported by 3.5 per cent of the men. Their most common reported mental health concern was depression (36.9 per cent), followed by anxiety (32.5 per cent) and bipolar disorder (3 per cent). 

Current psychological distress was the strongest variable associated with lifetime and four-week PCD. Higher levels of psychological distress were more strongly associated with PCD. 

The data for this study was collected from February to June 2017 and drawn from a larger questionnaire that examined the post-coital experience of men and women. 

“While this research is interesting, the study of PCD needs psychometrically valid instruments, said Rory Reid, an assistant professor of psychiatry and research psychologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, who was not involved in the study. 

The study used a few questions to measure PCD, but there is ambiguity in those items, Reid said in a phone interview. “They lack precision and there was no specificity about frequency in responses as to exactly how often was ‘a little’ or ‘some of the time’,” he noted. 

“Future studies of PCD need to utilise qualitative approaches where participants are interviewed about their PCD experiences so we can further understand this phenomenon, why people might experience it, the extent to which it is causing individuals psychological distress, and whether it is negatively impacting their romantic relationship,” Reid added. 

One of limitations of the study was that the men self-reported their emotional response to previous sexual experiences. “This information can be difficult for participants to recall,” Maczkowiack, said. 

“The findings of this study could influence marital therapy by normalising different responses. In addition, it may open up communication between partners,” he said. 

The wonderful and scientific world that we live in these days, is giving us longer, and pain-free lives as most of our diseases can be diagnosed and treated by the innate skills of physicians and surgeons. London is a city especially popular as a healthcare hub, where scores of ill people troop in, on a regular basis. The doctors are exceptionally brilliant and have a cure for almost all the bodily ailments.

There is no dearth of psychologists and psychiatrists here too. The shrinks, as they are commonly called in colloquial slang, are people who look after our mental well-being. So if one is suffering from depression, melancholy, despair or an unexplained bout of sadness, one seeks them out.

I was always intrigued with the idea of visiting a shrink. The closest I have ever come to one is via a Woody Allen movie. For some reason, a majority of his films have scenes that are shot in a shrink’s chamber. The doctor usually sits behind a desk while the patient, sort of, reclines on a couch-like sofa. In this posture, the specialist listens to the constant chatter that pours forth from the sufferer. Occasionally, he jots down notes on a writing pad or if the prattle subsides, he prods the talker with some pertinent queries.

I liked this portrayal of psychologists, I really did. I mean, I lived in a house where nobody had the time or inclination to listen to my complaints. And here was a person whose sole occupation was to hear me speak. I could not contain my excitement and was eager to meet with one of them. All I needed was an appropriate ailment that could assist me in getting an appointment.

I am not really an unhappy person so depression was ruled out. I do not have much patience for melancholia and sadness also, but I do call myself a perfectionist and like to keep my home and hearth spotlessly neat and clean. I do not think that is a negative quality but if I presented it as an obsessive compulsive disorder then maybe the doctor would give me that much needed chatter session on the couch.

Moreover, I was fascinated with both the words obsession and compulsion. The former means being continuously preoccupied with a fixed idea, feeling or emotion and the latter is an irresistible urge to behave in a particular manner despite the consequences. I was actually totally charmed with this description. The only negative was the term “disorder” associated with it.

Next day I called up the clinic and fixed an appointment with the consultant. At the scheduled hour I presented myself at the hospital. The doctor made me sit in front of his desk and excused himself to answer the phone.

I observed that his table was overflowing with knick-knacks. Before I could stop myself, I started the tidying by placing the magazines in a neat pile, the scattered stationary in the pen-stand and the disposable coffee cups in the trashcan. 

“What are you doing?” asked the doctor rushing back.

“Putting things in order,” I answered.

“Your work station was very messy,” I informed him.

“It was my mess,” the shrink announced loftily.

“But it was on my side of the table,” I countered.

“Confirmed OCD,” he diagnosed suddenly.

“You or me?” I muttered under my breath.

“What did you say?” his voice was shocked. 

“Nothing! I have to go,” I said, beating a hasty retreat.

Obese kids may be able to drop weight with the help of an unlikely aid: video games. 

Special exercise video games helped overweight children drop kilogrammes — and improve their cholesterol and blood pressure — while they were having fun, in a study reported in Paediatric Obesity. 

It makes more sense to co-opt kids’ favourite pastime than to fight it, said the study’s lead author Amanda Staiano of the Pennington Biomedical Research Centre at Louisiana State University. 

“Kids are really interested in this and spend hours a week playing,” Staiano said. “So, rather than blame the games and technology, it made sense to see how they could help.” 

Staiano and her colleagues felt it was critical to find ways to reach overweight kids. In Louisiana, more than one in three children (35.3 per cent) between the ages of 10 and 17 are overweight and more than one in five (21.1 per cent) are obese. 

The video games funnel kids’ competitive urges into various kinds of exercise. “Your body becomes input into the game through an infrared sensor,” she explained. “It’s constantly reading what your body is doing. And you make points controlling the player on the screen with your own body.” 

To make a more effective programme, weekly talks with a coach via the internet were included. “That helped keep them accountable for physical activity goals,” Staiano said. “Other groups have given kids games at home only to find that kids stopped playing after a few weeks.” 

Staiano and her colleagues tested their programme, dubbed GameSquad, with the help of 46 families, each of which had a child between 10 and 12 who was overweight or obese. The intervention was designed to last six months. 

Half the families were randomly assigned to a “gaming” group, while the other half were put on a waiting list. 

Families in the gaming group were encouraged to meet national recommendations of 60 minutes per day of physical activity. They received an Xbox, a motion sensing device and four exer-games (Your Shape: Fitness Evolved 2012, Just Dance 3, Disneyland Adventures and Kinect Sports Season 2). They were also given a Fitbit to track their steps each day. 

The children were encouraged to play the games at home with a friend or family member. “Studies have shown that children expend more energy when they are playing with another person,” Staiano said. 

At the end of the study, the members of the control group were given the gaming console and the exergames. 

Most of the families — 22 out of 23 — in the gaming group completed the six-month programme. By the end of the study, the kids in this group had reduced their body mass index by about 3 per cent, while kids in the control group had increased their BMIs by one per cent. Similarly, cholesterol levels went down in the gaming group, while they rose in the control group. 

And although family members were not monitored as part of the study, “anecdotally we heard from parents who also lost weight”, Staiano said. 

The study’s use of video time to boost activity was intriguing to Linda Van Horn, a professor of preventive medicine at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago and a Northwestern Medicine epidemiologist. 

The findings show that “harnessing modern technology along with appealing to a child’s interest in gaming can help achieve an increase in physical activity”, said Van Horn, who was not involved in the new research. “Everybody is more interested in reducing exposure to screens. This study took advantage of the fact kids like to look at screens and applied it in such a way that the kids were motivated to exercise. This could have a new meaning for adapting screens to a favourable outcome.” 

The new study “encourages us to think out of the box”, said Tammy Brady, who is the medical director of the paediatric hypertension programme at Johns Hopkins Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland. 

“We are realising more and more that we need to meet kids half way, so to speak,” said Brady, who is not affiliated with the new research. “This says that maybe we need to be more inventive and pay attention to what children and teens are doing and adapt our methods to what is interesting to them. I think this is very promising in terms of the outcomes they were able to get in a short time.”

Obese girls are more likely to develop depression during childhood and adolescence than their peers who weigh less, a research review suggests. 

Compared to girls at a healthy weight, girls with obesity were 44 per cent more likely to have depression or to be diagnosed with it in the future, the analysis of 22 studies with a total of almost 144,000 participants found. 

Just being overweight rather than obese, however, did not appear to influence the risk of depression for girls, and there was not any association between weight and depression in boys. 

The smaller studies included in the analysis were not controlled experiments designed to prove whether or how obesity might cause depression, or the role that gender might play. But it’s possible boys and girls might have different perceptions about body image that at least partially explain the results, said lead author Shailen Sutaria of Imperial College London in the UK. 

“While a number of factors may be involved, clearly there are additional social pressures on girls to be a certain body shape, perpetuated and amplified though social media,” Sutaria said by e-mail. 

Girls who experience body dissatisfaction may develop symptoms of depression as a result, Sutaria added. But overweight or obese boys might think differently about their size. 

“Boys may find it desirable to be larger as this reflects strength and dominance, traits that are likely to be desirable during childhood,” Sutaria said. 

Globally, more than 40 million children are overweight or obese by the time they are five years old, according to the World Health Organisation. 

Depression is also a leading cause of reduced quality of life for children, impacting school performance, friendships and the risk of substance use and other risky behaviours, researchers note in the Archives of Disease in Childhood. 

While previous research has linked childhood obesity to an increased risk of depression, results have been mixed and the estimated excess risk has ranged from as low as 4 per cent to as high as 64 per cent, researchers note. 

In the current analysis, children were 14 years old on average and almost 16 per cent were obese. Slightly more than one in 10 obese children were depressed. 

“We know that children with obesity are at risk of developing depression and we know that children with depression are at risk of developing obesity,” said Stephen Pont, a researcher at the University of Texas Dell Medical School in Austin who was not involved in the study. 

“To some degree we have been in a ‘chicken and the egg’ situation,” Pont said by e-mail. “We do not know if obesity causes depression or that depression causes obesity.” 

Still, parents should keep the risk of depression in mind when they try to encourage overweight or obese children to achieve a healthy weight, said Rebecca Puhl of the Rudd Centre for Food Policy and Obesity at the University of Connecticut in Hartford. 

That means avoiding talk about the scale, Puhl, who was not involved in the study, said by email. 

“When parents talk to their teen about losing weight, the teen is more likely to turn to unhealthy dieting and maladaptive weight control behaviours — like binge eating,” Puhl added. “But when parent conversations instead focus on healthy behaviours like eating nutritious foods, rather than body weight, the teen is less likely to engage in those unhealthy behaviours.” 

At home, parents should also make sure kids aren’t teased about their weight and that there is a supportive environment that encourages healthy behaviour, said Eleanor Mackey of Children’s National Health System in Washington, DC. 

“Parents should also encourage friendships that support the adolescent without bullying,” Mackey, who was not involved in the study, said by e-mail. “Finally, if a parent notices changes in mood, attitude, or increase in sleeping, difficulty sleeping, poor concentration, irritability, or sad mood, please seek help.” 

First launched in 2013 with the featured entry-level 2.0t model arriving the following year, the Infiniti Q50 is the Honk Kong-based Japanese manufacturer’s compact executive saloon follow-up to the fondly remembered and superb yet sometimes underrated G-Sedan.

Ushering in a new “Q” based alphanumeric nomenclature and the first production car ever offered with optional drive-by-wire steering, the Q50 was and remains a bona fide rival the likes of the BMW 3-Series, Mercedes C-class and Audi A4 that well stands the test of time even against newer German rivals, and other competitors.

Assertive, aerodynamic aesthetic

Among the prettier, yet more assertively designed cars in its class, the Q50’s sculpted surfacing, flowing lines, complex ridges and moody demeanour are nevertheless sophisticated and stylish. A natural successor to G-Sedan’s urgent posture, the Q50’s styling is fluent and evolutionary, rather than being an overstated departure from previous design, as is the case with its closest Japanese rival.

Assertively muscular, yet smoothly flowing, the Q50’s design further provides low CD0.26 aerodynamics and zero lift, which contribute to its quiet ride and stability at speed, and improved efficiency.

With a long swooping and ridged bonnet, rearwards cabin and pert boot emphasising its classic front-engine and rear-wheel-drive layout, the Q50’s rakish roofline, prominent haunches and rear window kink help complete a sense of forward momentum and assertive road stance.

Dramatic from front, the Q50 features a snouty and wide honeycomb grille that is pinched in the middle, and flanked by heavily browed headlights. At the rear, it features prominent dual tailpipes and a built-in boot ridge that serves as a spoiler. Meanwhile, mildly revised version is expected to arrive in Jordan by next year, with minor styling differences.

Robust and responsive

The entry-level petrol model in a wider Q50 range that features two 3-litre twin-turbo V6 engines replacing Infiniti’s sublime traditional naturally-aspirated 3.7-litre V6, and a 3.5-litre hybrid, the turbocharged direct injection 2-litre four-cylinder 2.0t driven is, however, no slouch, and offers confidently brisk performance.

Sourced from Mercedes-Benz under a technology-sharing deal, the Q50 2.0t’s engine is the equivalent to Mercedes’ own “250” engine designation. Developing 208BHP at 5500rpm and 258lb/ft throughout 1250-3500rpm, the Q50 2.0t dashes through 0-100km/h in 7.2-seconds and tops out at 245km/h, yet returns moderate 6.3l/100km combined cycle fuel consumption.

Well suited for city, highway and more interesting winding and steeply inclining country routes, the Q50 2.0t’s quick spooling turbo ensures good responses in traffic and hill starts.

Meanwhile, its generous and robust mid-range torque sweet spot provided on the move flexibility and confidence during test drive in Amman and more hilly terrain further afield. Smooth and consistent in delivery, the Q50’s low rev gurgle lends an impression of latent yet un-tapped power when cruising. However, and unlike Infiniti’s naturally-aspirated V6 engines, the 2.0t is comparatively low-revving and does its best work in mid-range, up to 5500rpm.

Sporty set-up

Smooth, stable and refined at speed and in town, the Q50 is also comfortable and forgiving in town, albeit with a slight firmness on small jagged bumps, owing to the use of run-flat tyres with firm sidewalls. At 225/55R17 tyre size is just right for aesthetics, handling, braking, steering, efficiency and comfort over imperfect Jordanian country and city roads.

On crests and dips, vertical control is meanwhile settled and rebound is nice and taut, while braking on steep descents and from speed was reassuring and well resistant to brake fade.

Lighter in front than other Q50 models, the 2.0t is tidy and eager turning into corners, with front tyres gripping well and its electric-assisted hydraulic steering providing quick and accurate reflexes and a more natural feel for the road and the car’s position than the more exotic drive-by-wire system offered on some Q50 models.

Set-up with sporty and drift-bias that is counteracted by its stability controls keeping things in order if one gets too enthusiastic. In low intervention “off” mode, stability controls allow more leeway for one to easily slide the rear out slightly and to self-correct before it steps in.

Eager and ergonomic

With its eager and agile cornering aided by a selective braking torque vectoring system, the Q50 carves corners eagerly and tidily. And while stiffer damping and more mechanical rear grip might have been welcome on some low traction road surfaces, the Q50 drifty and pointy handling are entertaining and help one tighten cornering lines with an easily induced, but balanced and predictable weight pivot.

For best result through winding roads, the Q50 responds well to a committed yet measured driving style and smooth progressive inputs, including steering turn-in and when coming back on throttle after a corner’s apex to strike a balance between cornering grip and adjustability.

At the sportier handling end among compact executive saloons, the Q50 is a sometimes overlooked but formidable player in its segment. No one-trick pony, it also offers a comfortable and refined ride. Its pleasantly airy, leather-bound and well-appointed cabin is among the most spacious in the segment, especially compared to some other “first time”compact executives, while generous 500-litre volume even outdoes some full-size luxury saloons two segments above.

Ergonomic inside with a comfortable, supportive and well-adjustable driving position, the Q50 is also well-equipped and features reversing camera, parking sensors, dual screen infotainment system, dual-zone A/C and more, as driven.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Engine: 2-litre, in-line, turbocharged 4-cylinders

Bore x stroke: 83 x 92mm

Compression: 9.8:1

Valve-train: 16-valve, DOHC, direct injection

Gearbox: 7-speed automatic, rear-wheel-drive

Power, BHP (PS) [kW]: 208 (211) 155 @5500rpm

Specific power: 104.5BHP/litre

Power-to-weight: 121.28BHP/tonne

Torque, lb/ft (Nm): 258 (350) @1250-3500rpm

Specific torque: 175.79Nm/litre

Torque-to-weight: 204.08Nm/litre

0-100km/h: 7.2-seconds

Top speed: 245km/h

Fuel consumption, urban/extra-urban/combined:

8.6/5/6.3 litres/100km

CO2 emissions, combined: 146g/km

Fuel capacity: 80-litres

Height: 1,445mm

Width: 1,820mm

Length: 4,790mm

Wheelbase: 2,850mm

Track, F/R: 1,540/1,570mm

Aerodynamic drag co-efficient: 0.26

Kerb weight: 1,715kg

Luggage volume: 500-litres

Steering: Electric-assisted rack & pinion

Turning diameter: 11.4-metres

Suspension, F/R: Double wishbones/multi-link, twin

tube dampers, stabiliser bars

Brakes, F/R: Ventilated discs, 330mm/308mm

Tyres: 225/55R17

Price, as tested: JD48,800 on-the-road, no insurance